Outline and Evaluate One Biological Therapy for Schizophrenia

The main form of biological therapy for schizophrenia is drug therapy. Some drugs are more effective at reducing the positive symptoms such as delusions and hallucination than negative symptoms such as lack of motivation and social withdrawal. There are two main categories of drugs, neuroleptic drugs and atypical drugs. Neuroleptic drugs such as Prolixin are conventional drugs that reduce psychotic symptoms but produce some of the symptoms of neurological diseases. These drugs block the activity of the neurotransmitter dopamine within 48 hours and their effect on dopamine are believed to be very important in therapy.However it takes several weeks of drug therapy before schizophrenic symptoms show substantial reduction. These drugs are more effective in reducing positive symptoms than negative symptoms. This is supported by Birchwood and Jackson 2001 whose conclusion was the same. These drugs appear to be a more effective treatment for schizophrenia than any of the other approaches us ed alone. (Comer 2001) Researches have shown that patients can get independent to drugs which means they might not be able to stop taking them otherwise they might have to face serious problems. Neuroleptic drugs also have side effects.Windgassen 1992 found 50% of patients with schizophrenia who take neuroleptic drugs reported grogginess or sedation, 18% reported problems with concentration, and 16% had blurred vision. In addition many patients developed symptoms closely resembling those of Parkinson’s disease such as muscle rigidity, tremors and foot shuffling. Also it was found that more than 20% of patients who take neuroleptic drugs for over a year develop the symptoms of tardive dyskinesia. These symptoms include involuntary sucking and chewing and writhing movements of the mouth or face.Atypical antipsychotic drugs (such as clozapine) also combat positive symptoms of schizophrenia but there are claims that they also have beneficial effects on negative symptoms as well. These antipsychotics also act on the dopamine system but are thought to block serotonin receptors in the brain as well. They help by only temporarily occupying the dopamine receptors and then rapidly dissociating to allow normal dopamine transmission. Atypical drugs have several advantages over neuroleptic drugs. Firstly they have fewer side effects than neuroleptic drugs.Secondly they benefit 85% of patients with schizophrenia, compared with 65% given neuroleptic drugs. However, the atypical drugs can produce serious side effects. For example, schizophrenic patients who take clozapine have a 1-2% risk of developing agranulocytosis. This involves reduction in white blood cells, and the condition can be life threatening. Although the use of antipsychotic drugs is crucial in the treatment of schizophrenia, many people do not experience the benefits they offer, normally due to their side effects.As a result, additional psychological treatments are used. The cognitive behavioural therap y (CBT) follows the assumption that people often have distorted beliefs which influence their behaviour in maladaptive ways. In this therapy, patients are encouraged to trace back the origins of their symptoms in order to get a better idea of how the symptoms might have developed. As well as this, they are also encouraged to evaluate the content of their delusions to consider ways in which they might test the validity of their faulty beliefs.Next the patients would be given behavioural assignments with the aim of improving their general level of functioning. The learning of maladaptive responses to life's problems is often the result of distorted thinking by the schizophrenic. Researches over time suggest that CBT has a significant effect on improving the symptoms of patients with schizophrenia, however the majority of studies of the effectiveness of CBT have used schizophrenics who are also taking antipsychotic drugs. This leaves the question, how much of the improvement is due to CBT alone?Also, CBT for schizophrenia works by trying to generate less distressing explanations of psychotic experiences, rather than trying to eliminate them completely. The negative symptoms shown by a schizophrenic may well serve a useful function for the person and so can be understood as safety behaviours and could cause potential damage. Lastly, it has been found that CBT doesn't actually work for all Schizophrenics, Kingdon and Kirschen found that many patients were not deemed suitable for CBT because psychiatrists believed that they would not fully engage with the therapy.

Sexism in Football

Gender Discrimination (The Sian Massey Story) On the 22nd of January 2011 female linesman Sian Massey was going to officiate as a linesman in a premier league clash between Liverpool and Wolves. Sky Sports were broadcasting the match on live television,Presenters Andy Gray and Richard Keys were preparing to cover the pre game coverage, when the two named above began to talk about the female linesman Sian Massey and what they thought about her in a very discriminating fashionThe commentators, who apparently believed their microphones were switched off, were recorded. Commenting on Ms Massey, Mr Keys said: ‘Somebody better get down there and explain offside to her. ’ Mr Gray, a former Scottish international footballer, replied: ‘Can you believe that? A female linesman. Women don’t know the offside rule. ’ Mr Keys replied: ‘Course they don’t. I can guarantee you there will be a big one today. Kenny (Liverpool manager Kenny Dalglish) will go potty. This isn’t the first time, is it?Didn’t we have one before? ’ Later in the exchange, Mr Keys said: ‘The game’s gone mad. Did you hear charming Karren Brady this morning complaining about sexism? Do me a favour, love. ’ During the game, which Liverpool won 3-0, Ms Massey angered Wolves by refusing to rule Raul Meireles offside before he set up Liverpool’s first goal. The replay showed that she made the correct decision. When The Mail on Sunday put the transcript to Mr Keys, he said: ‘I have no recollection of that.I have no idea what you are talking about. ‘My recollection is that I wished the young lady all the best. ’ When told a recording existed of the conversation, he said: ‘If you have a tape then you don’t need me to talk to you. It almost makes it worse that they're speaking when the microphones are not on as opposed to when they are on, because [they have] never really had the brass neck t o say it publicly, they would only say it privately. I have heard it and I don't believe it is just banter. Former referee Graham Poll added: â€Å"It must be very difficult for female match officials to progress in men’s football and any who do, do so on merit and should be held up as role models, not subjected to outdated, sexist attitudes †¦ (Sian Massey) is already on the FIFA assistant referees’ list in women’s football and at just 25 that is a magnificent achievement. † Michaela Tabb, a snooker referee who has officiated the World Championship final, said: : â€Å"What they have done there is completely unacceptable because they have not given her her place at all as an official.They are basically doubting her ability. She has obviously passed every exam and whatever qualifications she's had to go through. † England captain Rio Ferdinand said on Twitter: â€Å"I'm all for women refereeing in football, discrimination should not happen in our game at all †¦ prehistoric views if u think otherwise. † Hugh Robertson, the sports minister, commented: â€Å"It is very disappointing to hear these comments at a time when we are trying to get more women participating and officiating in sport, particularly football. The FA released a statement saying: â€Å"The FA has made real strides in encouraging both male and female match officials to enter the game at every level, and will continue to offer every encouragement to all officials within the football family to progress to the highest levels possible. We are proud to have some of the world's best match officials, both male and female Overall the number of female referees in England (Levels 1-8) stands at 853 and climbing, and all of our female match officials act as fantastic ambassadors for the game. They have our wholehearted and continuing support. â€Å"

Sustainability and Innovation Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sustainability and Innovation Paper - Assignment Example There are different sources of innovation depending on the area where the innovations are to occur. The main innovation source is change in structure where things in an organization or company will be organized and formulated in a new way. Innovations can also arise from experimentations (Rolf, 2008, p.21). This involves some empirical processes that are crucial for designing the innovation. Innovation occurs in different sectors and one of the crucial ones where it has and will continue to take place is in the construction industry. There are different types of innovations that have occurred in the construction industry ranging from the materials used to do the innovations to the methods used to do the same. In the past the topic had been ignored but from some years ago people have realized the roles that the sector plays and why changes have to be made accordingly. This is a topic that has been taken with much weight by engineers from different corners of the world. The innovations are mainly done for various reasons; (i) To reduce hazards and risks in the construction sites during the process and after the process. (ii) To reduce expenses that are incurred in coming up with complete constructions. This will mean innovating in new materials to be used in the construction processes. ... The main one that is a threat to the present generations and future generations is global warming (Elzen, Geels and Green, 2004, p.18). This is changing the environment at an alarming rate and some scientists have predicted that the situation in some areas is likely to be beyond control unless necessary measures are put in place promptly to rescue such. In United Kingdom the matter has been taken with much weight since they have recognized that the different personnel that are involved in the construction activities have slowed and even ignored preserving the environment through the different activities they undertake (Horbach, 2005, p.41). This is more in the construction industry with much force been on the small contractors. For innovations to be said to be successful, they must satisfy the needs of all stakeholders. The innovation involves a process that is arranged in a sequential manner. The first one is research that is carried out by experts in that field. After research ther e is discovery that results from the research carried out. After discovery there is development followed by patenting & approval. This is then followed by production, marketing and then lastly adoption (Fisk 2010, p.39). Innovations can be stimulated or caused by external forces or internal forces in an organization. The external forces that are likely to pressurize innovations are globalization of markets, social change, government deregulation, fragmentation of markets, and emergence of new technologies. Internal forces that can pressurize innovations in an organization are profitability, core competencies, and high-quality employees (Heinelt & Smith, 2003, p.43). Sustainable development Sustainable development is a wide concept that is minimized in definition to mean

Applying concepts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Applying concepts - Essay Example To address this question, managerial economic concepts and socio-political tools need to be taken into consideration. From the video Can the U.S. Maximize the Benefits of Chinese Foreign Direct Investment? It is evident that Chinese companies operation in United States has proved to be economically beneficial to the locals and the national economic performance at large. The firms like offer employment opportunities to the United States citizens and this has helped reduce unemployment rate with significant boost in overall national income level (Moran,2013). Comparative wage rate between China and United States indicates significant gap with the later having higher rate and more skilled personnel. It is therefore economically feasible to the United States allow Chinese firms operate locally and offer minimum wage rate. This reflects outsourcing of jobs that has seen states like South Carolina boast higher employment level. It is also important to note that United States do not experience exploitation as most of the Chinese firms outsource other factor input from other countries with value creation a ctivity as the central activity in United States. The socio-political framework of the United States is strongly hinged on American way of doing things including workplace practices and that has placed them at vantage point. Take the case of Haier which was compelled to hire an American executive manager in an effort to effect America-style human resource practices. This means that united States have substantial participation in the Chinese foreign direct investment entities hence increased gain to the local economy. United States firms have a competitive edge against other multinationals of foreign origin and for China to penetrate and establish its production plants, there is increased level of productivity and revival of dead industries. The case study of Top-Eastern Group which specializes in making drill bits gives a picture of gains made so far by

Project plan's name Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Green Maps for a More Sustainable Future - Essay Example More tasks carried out by the organization are through partnering with other institution in carrying out projects such as educating the society, feeding the hungry, providing men and women with skills that are aimed at elevating their living status among others. All the projects carried out are geared towards adhering to the mission and vision of the organization. The mission of the organization is geared towards getting people to lose with the aim of impacting positive change while its vision is to catalyze a global market for information, ideas, and money that democratizes philanthropy (Globalgiving, 2015). The funding of this organization is through donors and well-wishers. Some of the organizations that the institution has partnered with are Charles Stewart Mott Foundation, Omidyar Network, USAID (Global Development Alliance), and The Rockefeller Foundation among others (Globalgiving, 2015). It is approximated that since 2002 the number of donors is roughly 421,651 and have carried out approximately 11,669 projects. The projects vary from country to country or region to region depending on situations and needs.Moreover, the projects are of different topics such as finance, education, climate change among other numerous topics ((Globalgiving, 2015). This paper seeks to address a development project being carried out by GlobalGiving on climate change Canada that is currently ongoing. Climate change is one of the major challenging issues in the society today. People have tried modifying the daily weather either by increasing or decreasing heat or temperature of the surrounding. These increase and decrease over a long period of time contribute to climate change. The threat posed by climate change has awakened international community and various governments to start setting up mitigation measures.However, in North America, response to climate change has met several challenges.These challenges are that the public have a conviction and belief

Management of Massey Energy Company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Management of Massey Energy Company - Case Study Example From this paper it is clear that Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) claimed that the company had violated safety standards more than 50 times. This proves that the 29 workers died because of poor safety standards in the mine. Instead of improving the quality of the mine’s safety, the company was always challenging the accusations of the safety agency. Another factor that proves the company should be held responsible is the unethical acts of Don Blankenship. After receiving complaints about the safety conditions in the company, the CEO ignored the complaints and instead sent a memo to the management team, asking them to focus on the firm’s production rather than improving the safety standards. It was a moral responsibility for Don to instruct the management team to shift their focus from the profitability of the company to safety. Such move would have prevented the accident from occurring. Conclusively, the mining firm is morally responsible for the deaths of i ts employees. If the company had implemented safety measures as required by MSHA, the accident would not have taken place.  

Rhetorical Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 8

Rhetorical Analysis - Essay Example A reasonable attempt is made by the print advertisement designer in order to communicate the message of the cheesy filled Cheezels crisps. Therefore, the advertisement successfully transfers the message across to the target audience. The use of objects such as a mouse trap and a Cheezels ring in place of a cheese illustrates the â€Å"Made with Real Cheese† commanding text and emphasizes the presence of real cheese as an ingredient to give an authentic cheesy taste. Furthermore, the use of colors and the focus of the image on the mouse trap and cheese with the rest of the image slightly blurred makes a stress on the cheese. The mouse trap with a cheese displays that the Cheezels ring is just like real cheese so that even a mouse can be trapped by using a Cheezels ring instead of real cheese. The mouse will be caught after it mistakes the Cheezels ring for real cheese. The background is made slightly fuzzy so as to keep the concentration and focus of the viewer on the mouse tra p and the cheese and the background objects are largely irrelevant to the whole idea of making the viewer feel the cheesy craving in his or her mouth and go purchase a bag of Cheezels. An attempt has been made to appeal to the pathos through the idea of a mouse getting killed as it mistakes the Cheezels ring for real cheese. ... The focus and positioning of the camera is done such that it enables the viewer to view the floor of the house with a wall behind that has a subtle and soothing color. The floor is where the mouse trap fixed with a Cheezels ring is placed. The single sofa at the back also demonstrates a laid-back atmosphere. The idea is that the owner of the house is in a relaxed environment where he has placed a Cheezels ring on the mouse trap in order to capture the mouse. The whole setting of the background including all its objects such as the sofa, floor, wall, mouse trap and most importantly the Cheezels ring creates a homely environment. However, no attempt is made at a logical level to prove the credibility of the â€Å"Made with Real Cheese† idea. That is, no facts or figures such as the nutritional information of the ingredients have been given to prove the cheesy flavor. The use of the images and objects particularly the mouse trap and Cheezels ring have been used as a tool to manip ulate the minds so that the viewers perceive sensory feelings that stimulate the taste center of the brain. So, the attempt has been made to persuade by stimulating their sense of taste so that its audience feels hungry and inevitably feels the urge to go buy a bag of Cheezels. Clearly, the focus is on the emotional side of human beings where the hunger provoking image of the cheesy Cheezels ring causes the viewer to develop a craving for the product. The meticulous selection of the image along with the arrangement of a tag which mentions the brand name and the slogan â€Å"Made with Real Cheese† under a bar code adds on to the creative print advertisement. The fact that the tag was positioned at the top right with the appropriate use of colors to make

WASTE INCINERATION Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

WASTE INCINERATION - Assignment Example The Producer Responsibility Obligations (Packaging Waste) Regulations (2005) 7. The Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment Regulations (2006). (UK Waste†¦) It should be noted that the above list is not exhaustive. The purpose of all these legislation is to protect the environment and all natural substances such as air, water, land, animal, plants and surroundings, from the ill effects of hazardous chemicals and industrial wastes. The Risks Associated with Existing Incineration Sites Incinerations are not a right waste disposal technique for the following reasons. Destroying Valuable Resources Incineration of waste simply means that materials have been used only once and then are destroyed. It is a fact that all natural resources that we make use of have finite supplies. All natural resources whether it is iron, aluminum, copper, plastic, glass do not have unlimited supplies then why are we not thinking on recycling of these natural resources? Precious natural habitats and forests in Indonesia, Brazil, Malaysia, and Myanmar were exploited on mass scale for the supply of timber and production of pulp for paper mills. This is also the reason why some of the species have become extinct and natural ecological system has been put in jeopardy. Wood and paper recycling is need of the day to save our forest area. For that matter recycling of all natural produce is a necessity in these ever increasing consumer demands. A small study on SELCHP Incinerator It is a myth that incinerators finish the waste. Einstein’s principle holds true here also that matter cannot be destroyed but are only transformed from one form to another. Essentially, incinerators do not destroy them they just convert it into gases and ash. Household waste which is a cocktail of many harmful substances when burnt in incinerator produce many harmful gases and part of it gets released into atmosphere through chimney. The residue known as ash goes for landfill. Incinerators burn the wastes that create toxic fumes. Though the norms are made by regulatory authorities; often they are violated by the incinerator operators. Two incinerators that are in operation in south London (SELCHP) and North London (Edmonton) were fined for infringements innumerable times in the last 15 years. It is known that domestic waste contains fluorescent tubes and bulbs which have mercury in it, plastic materials, cadmium and many other harmful compounds. Besides, some of the electrical appliances contain cadmium, chromium and lead. They cause more volatile compounds in the heat of incinerator and generate dangerous vapors which get escape from chimneys of the incinerator into the atmosphere polluting natural environment and air. (SELCHP INCINERATOR 2002) Dioxin–a most Potent Threat to the Mankind The plastic materials like PVC, CPVC which contain bound chlorine with them and release dioxins when gets burnt. Dioxin, most toxic substan ce second only to radioactive waste, falls under the class of super-toxic chemicals that forms during burning of plastics and organic chemicals. In the past, people were made to leave the places such as Love Canal and Times Beach, Missouri due to excessive contamination of dioxin. Various plasticizers used in production processes of plastic are also

A California Thanksgiving Essay Example for Free

A California Thanksgiving Essay In November 2012, my dad and I traveled to San Francisco for the Thanksgiving holiday. We had already done both of our family Thanksgivings, so it was the perfect opportunity to get away. Even without many plans, we were able to take a drive down the coast to Monterey, explore San Francisco, and see the beautiful college town of Palo Alto, all at our own pace. Our trip started with a morning flight from Little Rock to Dallas. After a two-hour layover, we departed Dallas for San Francisco and arrived around 8:00 pm. A full day of flying, navigating airports, and finding a rental car wore us out. We didn’t even get a proper dinner the first night before we went to bed. The next morning, we decided to drive down the coast on Highway 1, the Pacific Coast Highway, to Monterey. It was an amazing drive! I was surprised that California was so beautiful. Towering redwood trees lined much of the drive, along with farms for almost any fruit or vegetable I could imagine. When we could finally see the coastline, it was breathtaking. We passed through a few small coastal towns and saw countless fresh produce stands on the side of the highway. We stopped for lunch at a Thai restaurant in Moss Landing, CA. The food was amazing, and we could see the ocean from our table! The day was already a success in my book. When we arrived in Monterey, we drove down to Cannery Row and parked the car. We strolled around all of the different shops for a couple of hours, and then we headed even farther down the coast. We stopped at a parking area that overlooked quite possibly the most scenic place I had ever seen. There were huge waves crashing on giant boulders in the ocean. We just sat there and watched the waves crash for at least an hour. The salty smell of the ocean, the noise of various birds, and the sound of the waves just overloaded your senses in the best possible way. We headed back to our hotel in Palo Alto. See more:  Mark Twains Humorous Satire in Running for Governor Essay Before we made it back, I spotted my favorite fast food restaurant, In-N-Out Burger and to my dad’s dismay, that was dinner. We crashed not long after making it to the hotel; we were exhausted after driving and exploring all day. The next morning, we woke up refreshed and ready to explore some more. We headed into San Francisco early. I was surprised that there wasn’t very much traffic; I guess we were after the morning rush hour. The drive north was almost as pretty as the drive down the coast. California should be â€Å"The Natural State†, not Arkansas! Once we made it into the city, we had to cross the Golden Gate Bridge. As we emerged from Golden Gate Park, the goliath appeared before us. We just crossed it both ways, but I was in awe of how big the bridge actually was. I had never appreciated it until I saw it with my own eyes. When we came back into the city, we drove around to many of the different neighborhoods. San Francisco is incredibly diverse. We drove through â€Å"Little Japan† and â€Å"China Town†, and we parked in North Beach. North Beach is where an established population of people with Italian heritage lives and work, â€Å"Little Italy† in any other big city. We were craving some good Italian food, and we definitely found some. The restaurant didn’t have a name on their sign, but we risked it and stopped there to eat. It was authentic Italian food from scratch. They made their own noodles, sauces, bread, and dressings. The dish I had was the best Italian food I’d ever eaten. My dad felt the same way about his dish as well. After our delicious lunch, we decided to drive around the city a little while longer, and then head back to the hotel so we didn’t get stuck in rush hour traffic. Our final two days in California were spent in Palo Alto. My dad’s good friend from high school, Mark, lives there, so we met up with him at a local Mexican restaurant. We all caught up over margaritas and salsa, then we went to his house to help with Thanksgiving dinner preparations. I had never been to another family’s Thanksgiving dinner, but they welcomed us with open arms like we were part of their family anyways. Their family has a tradition of biking around Palo Alto after Thanksgiving dinner. I decided to go with them while my dad stayed back at the house with Mark. Palo Alto was very biker friendly. We rode around the Stanford University campus. It was the most beautiful college campus I had ever seen! We returned to the house after an approximately an hour. It was the best way to see the city! Our last day was spent packing, then heading to the airport for an afternoon flight home. We used our Thanksgiving break a little differently than most, but I wouldn’t have traded the experience for anything. I’ll always remember the drive down to Monterey, exploring San Francisco, and getting a local view of Palo Alto as one of the best Thanksgiving holidays.

Of mice and Men Analysis Essay Example for Free

Of mice and Men Analysis Essay In Of mice and Men several characters dream of a different and better life. Why is it not a surprise that the dreams never come true? Of Mice and Men is a novel written by john Steinbeck that features the hopes and aspirations of ordinary people living very simple lives. It features very strong characters each with their own dreams of a different and better life. But of course such dreams only remain dreams because they never do come true. The title of mice and men is taken from a poem by a famous Scottish poet Robert Burns that quotes. The beat laid schemes o mice and men Gang aft agley (often go wrong) And leave us nought but grief and pain For promised joy! This basically means that it doesnt matter how much you plan and dream, things very rarely go according to plan, which leaves us longing for promised dreams. John Steinbeck was born in Salinas, California in 1902. This may have been the reason he decided to set the novel Of mice and men in the Salinas valleys. It was hard to live in good conditions around the time the book was set (1930-1940) because of the Wall Street crash and the great Depression that followed. It was extremely hard to get a job and if you did get a job, it would be for minimal pay. During the 1930s there was very bad unemployment, which meant thousands of people never had a job in the USA, so agencies (like the one that Lennie and George got their work cards from, Murray and Readys) were set up to end farm workers to where they were needed. Despite these conditions many people believed in the American dream. The theory of the American dream was taken from the 17th centaury and basically mans that in America, it doesnt matter who you are or where you come from anybody can make it big and be satisfied with what they have achieved. A lot of characters in the novel also had dreams of making it big and owning something good that they have worked hard to accomplish. Lennie Small and George Milton are the main characters and they both had similar dreams although they were very different people in more ways then one. We first get a description of their dream in chapter 1 when George and Lennie were at their campsite about to eat their supper. The conversation about the dream started off when Lennie said to George tell me- like you done before about the rabbits. The dream was basically that they wanted their own land where nobody can boss them around and tell them what to do. They also wanted to raise animals such as pigs cows and chickens an live of the fatta da lan. From this dream the to characters Lennie and George both wanted different things. George wanted a place of his own and independence he also wanted security for Lennie but the main thing he wanted is a ranch like the one he lived on as a child. On the other hand the only thing Lennie wants from the dream is to tend the rabbits. At this point of the novel the dream that Lennie and George had was still just a fantasy not reality. This is because George and Lennie did not have much money, like many people who lived around the time of the great Depression. People found it hard to get jobs let alone make a lot of money and they had just run away from another ranch in Weed because of Lennies behaviour, so deep down George knew that it was virtually impossible for their dreams to become a reality, until Candy is an ageing, disabled ranch hand that has been on the ranch for a, long time and when he hears Lennie talking to George about the dream he realises that that was his golden ticket out of the ranch. Candy wants to leave the ranch because he feels that he has no future in the ranch he fears that he might be sacked in the near future because he cannot do his job as good as an able bodied person. Candy realises he has enough money to offer Lennie and George so he could be part of the dream, Lennie and George accepts Candys offer and then the dream becomes a reality because George knows a real place they could get. Crooks is a black ranch hand that is discriminated because of his colour. Crooks first gets to know about the dream when Lennie walks into his room, whilst looking for some companionship. When Lennie tells him the dream, at first he did not believe it and he thought it would never happen. But then candy walks into the room and confirms what Lennie was saying at this point candy starts to believe the ream and he offers to join them. Then Curleys wife walks in and has an argument with the three men and threatens crooks by saying se could heave him hung, it is after Curleys wife leaves the bunkhouse that crooks decides to withdraw his offer and end his dream. Curleys wife dream is different from all the other means dreams. When she was younger, a man said that he was a film producer and that when he went he would come back for her and she would be in the movie. She waited for long for the man to send for her but he never did, she thought it her mother hid the letters but I think the man was not a real director; he was just flirting with her. Curleys wife manages to end all of the dreams she firstly ends crooks dream by telling him that she could get him hung, then she ends everyone elses dream when she dies because Lennie killed her and George then knows their dreams are over and her dream is over because she dies.

Comparative Drug Review Gastrointestinal Therapies Tagamet And Nexium Biology Essay

Comparative Drug Review Gastrointestinal Therapies Tagamet And Nexium Biology Essay Tagamet and Nexium have been two of the many common drugs these days, both of which are widely used in the medical treatment of major gastric acid-related disorders like peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), with their respective active ingredient being cimetidine and esomerprazole. In view of their similar uses in gastrointestinal therapies, this review addresses various major characteristics possessed by the two drugs and in an attempt to make a vivid comparison between them in accordance to their active ingredients, for providing information optimizing the selection of gastric acid-related drugs at different clinical conditions. Mechanism Both cimetidine and esomeprazole serve to cure gastrointestinal disorders by reducing the secretion of gastric acid, however, with different drug targets to be acted on and mechanisms to bring about their actions. Cimetidine, being a histamine H2 receptor competitive antagonist (H2RA), reversibly binds to the histamine H2 receptor on the acid-secreting parietal cell of the stomach and lead to the production of second messenger cAMP which can ultimately trigger the H+/K+-ATPase to pump more acid out of the cell. Thus, the binding of histamine released by Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells in the stomach to the receptors, which in turn stimulates gastric acid secretion, is inhibited. At the same time, with the blockage of the histamine H2 receptors by cimetidine, the effect of both gastrin- and acetylcholine-stimulated acid secretion would be reduced. All these result in the lowering of acidity in the stomach. Esomeprazole, being a proton pump inhibitor (PPI), acts by an entirely different mechanism. Esomerprazole is a weak-base prodrug and it accumulates in the unique, highly acidic canalicular space of the active parietal cell, where the pH is less than 2.0. At this pH, it is converted to the active form of the drug, which then covalently binds to one or more cysteines that are accessed from the luminal surface of the gastric proton pump in gastric parietal cells, the H+/K+ ATPase enzyme, the target of which esomeprazole acts on. As a result, this irreversibly inhibits the H+/K+ ATPase enzyme, whose activity is involved in the final step of gastric acid secretion Therapeutic Effectiveness Owing to their different mechanisms of action, the gastric acid-suppressive effect produced by them varies, thus leading to variation in their effectiveness for treating related diseases. In general, PPIs (e.g. esomerprazole) are more potent than H2RAs (e.g. cimetidine) because the former inhibits the H+/K+ ATPase enzyme involved in the final step of acid secretion[1], as the latter only inhibits one of the pathways involved in acid secretion. The superior acid-suppressive effect of PPI over an H2RA has been verified by comparative studies. [2-5] Because of the different mechanism of these two drugs, esomeprazole has a longer duration than cimetidine. After converted to the active form, Esomeprazole can bind reversibly to the H+/K+-ATPase. As a result, esomeprazole will not be easily enzymatically metabolized and the major factor that leading to loss of effect of esomeprazole is largely dependent on the production of new H+/K+-ATPase. This is reason why esomeprazole has a rather long duration of effect on inhibition of acid secretion. In terms of therapeutic outcomes, it has been shown that higher efficacy is found in PPI treatments than in H2RA treatments for a wide range of diseases such as peptic ulcer disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease, GI damage caused by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. [6 V13], as revealed by many studies. One of these aimed to investigate oesophagitis in which a meta-analysis of 43 therapeutic trials was conducted in patients with moderate or severe oesophagitis. The proportion of patients successfully treated was almost doubled with PPIs, and the rapidity of healing and symptom relief were about twice that with H2RAs. [14] Thus, It had confirmed the advantage of PPIs over H2RAs. [15] To sum up, up to the present stage, esomerprazole seems to be more effective and a more preferable choice than cimetidine for the treatment of most gastric acid-related diseases. Safety In fact, both cimetidine and esomeprazole are quite safe and they rarely have adverse effects that may be lethal. In a meta-analysis of 24 double-blind placebo-controlled studies, it shows negligible difference of incidence of side effects between cimetidine and placebo. The most commonly reported adverse effects are diarrhea, other gastrointestinal disturbances, dizziness, tiredness, rashes and headache. Furthermore, most adverse effects of cimetidine are dose-related and as the length of treatment increases, the risk is decreased which means Cimetidine is rather secure for patients who require long-term treatment. Also, Cimetidine has significant anti-androgen effects in patient receiving high dose and this puts some male patients in fear. Adverse effects of Esomeprazole are infrequent as Cimetidine, but some of its common side effects like headache, diarrhea and skin rashes can be severe and may need to resolve on drug discontinuation. Moreover, recognized increases in the prevalence of pneumonia and Campylobacter enteritis as well as a doubling of the risk of infection with Clostridium difficile should not be overlooked due to the role of esomeprazole as a first-line drug. What should emphasize is that patients still need health care professionals careful indication as if both drugs are safe. Since esomeprazole is one of the most frequently prescribed medicine and 63% , 33% and 67% of hospital inpatients in Austria, Ireland and the United Kingdom did not meet the criteria for taking esomeprazole or other proton pump inhibitors. As a result, it is pharmacoeconomically unfavorable and improved clinical pharmaceutical care can be achieved by detailed indication by the cooperation of pharmacist and health care professionals. What is more, these two drugs are placed in the same Pregnancy Category by the US FDA and they are not advised for the pregnant women. Because of their inhibition of parietal cells, secretion of intrinsic factor is reduced. As a result, both drugs can lead to mal-absorption of Vitamin B12 which is important for maturation of Erythrocytes and DNA synthesis and thus Vitamin B12 therapy may be needed. Drug interactions They interact with a wide variety of drugs except that they both reduce absorption of acid-dependent drugs due to their effect of lowering of the stomach pH, but in fact only drugs with a narrow therapeutic index have clinical significance. The majority of interactions is due to binding of cimetidine to cytochrome P450 isoenzymes in the liver with subsequent inhibition of microsomal oxidative metabolism and increased bioavailability or plasma concentrations of drugs metabolised by these enzymes. These drugs are anticoagulants, phenytoin, theophylline, benzodiazepines, betal-blockers, lidocaine, Procainamide, ketoconazole and itraconazole. Similarly, Esomeprazole interferes with the elimination of drugs metabolized by isoenzyme CYP2C19 and to a smaller extent by CYP3A4. Therefore, it increases the plasma level of clarithromycin, amoxicillin, diazepam, phenytoin, and warfarin. In addition, esomeprazole has a potential interaction with atazanavir which is a HIV-Protease Inhibitor to treat HIV by substantially reducing the concentration of atazanavir. Conclusion Summarizing all the above mentioned features, Nexium is seemingly a better drug in terms of its potency, therapeutic effects as well as its range of application in clinical conditions, comparing to Tagamet. However, its benefits and drawbacks may be revealed in the future by research works, which should be always aware of.

Arguing Whether or not Clerical Celibacy Should be Maintained :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Arguing Whether or not Clerical Celibacy Should be Maintained "Like his two older brothers, Mark Vincent Serrano became an altar boy at St. Joseph's Church in Mendham, New Jersey. Invited to visit the parish priest in the rectory, he became--from the time he was 9 to the time he was 16-- a victim of serial molestation: groping, sodomy, oral sex, and forced masturbation," (Press). One New Jersey priest convicted of molestation, said that "his vow of celibacy made no mention of abstaining from sex,"(Saharko). In order to determine the value of celibacy in the Roman Catholic Church, the exact meaning of celibacy must be understood. Celibacy, as defined by 21st Century Webster's Family Encyclopedia, is "voluntary abstinence from marriage and sexual intercourse." The state of celibacy is exalted above that of marriage in the Church based upon 1 Corinthians 7:32-35, which states, " He that is unmarried careth for the things that belong to the Lord, how he may please the Lord: But he that is married careth for the things that are of the world, how he may please his wife. . . . And this I speak. . . that ye may attend upon the Lord without distraction." That's a wonderful ideal, but 1 Corinthians 7:9 says, "But if they cannot contain, let them marry: for it is better to marry than to burn ( with passion)." While it's true that if men don't want to abstain from sex they could just stay out of the priesthood, the number of priests has declined so much that it probably would be better to just allow the priesthood to marry. "[B]y requiring celibacy as a conditon of ordination. . . the Church forces itself to select from a much too limited pool,"(Press). By revoking the policy of mandatory celibacy,and thereby opening clerical positions to married men, the church could possibly dramatically increase the declining priesthod numbers. It's not just the lack of a sex life that drives men from the priesthood; some just can't handle the extreme loneliness. Rather that suffer alone they just leave, so that they can have worldly things: a wife, children, a family all their own. Dan Rodricks, a columnist for the Baltimore Sun states in his column, "...Leaving the priesthood quote." Advocates of celibacy worry that if priests marry, the congregation will be majorly neglected. However, that point is easily refuted because of the available examples of the leaders of uncelibate churches.

Sandvik AB :: Essays Papers

Sandvik AB Sandvik AB began operations as a small steel company in Sandviken, Sweden. The company, originally known as Goransson Hogbo Stal & Jernwerks, recognized early on the important role creating innovative techniques and products played in being successful. To this day, Sandvik maintains a firm commitment to research as a means of gaining competitive advantage. Unfortunately, competing with other innovative industrial firms in a small country like Sweden provides limited growth opportunities. The local environment made Sandvik realize growth would only be achievable through foreign market development. So over the next century Sandvik would expand to become one of the largest materials technology engineering companies on the globe. Sandvik’s expansion was facilitated through a strategy of unrelated diversification predicated upon innovation. Technologies, such as cemented carbide fueled, product development and gave rise to new business areas. Such advances, coupled with a strong emphasis on internationalization, drove growth for a long time. However, growth slowed during the 1970s and into the 1980s. Much of the growth achieved during this period was a result of acquisitions. Prior to the 1984 reorganization, Sandvik’s organizational structure consisted of divisions where managers had to report to both divisional management and functional management at the parent company. For a company known for its innovations, this reporting relationship created enormous bureaucratic waste and costs, as well as delayed decision-making. However, in 1983 the company established a decentralized structure, creating six business areas, two service companies, and three regional companies. Coromant emerged as the highest return business in the portfolio. Amongst the other business areas it served as a model for best practices and process innovation. Despite the success of his major initiatives, the current CEO, Clas Ake Hedstrom, is still looking for ways to further integrate and produce synergies amongst Sandvik’s business areas. Integration has already occurred or is being studied in human resources, marketing, and information technology. However, disagreement exists amongst managers over the amount and level at which integration is needed. Employees are also concerned about a return to centralized decision-making and loss of autonomy over their business area. Finally, it is still unclear how the cost, fit and significance of further integration may impact business area needs. The uncertainty surrounding these issues makes the whole idea of integration to create synergies questionable.

Galaxy and Dense Gas Passes

Comparing a yellow star, a blue star, and a red star, we could determine Just from color that the hottest star was the 10. One. BLUE Rotation curves of spiral galaxies show that stars' orbital speeds don't drop off with distance from the galactic center as expected, and thus imply the existence of . The main sequence includes the following kinds of stars: B) Hot, blue, large, massive ones and cool, red, small, low-mass ones 12. Which of the following was not an era In the history of the universe?The phases of the moon are caused by D) The alignment of the Earth/moon/sun system making a different portion of the Spectra help us determine the composition of astronomical objects because A) Each element, compound, or ion has a different set of spectral lines. 15. Dark energy is the most important factor in the of the universe. A) Accelerating 16. Universe scenario for the fate The outer planets are more massive than the inner planets because C) Both of the above 17. The three basic types of galaxies are B) Spiral, elliptical, and irregular. 8. A planet orbiting a star feels a force due to the star's gravity that C) Increases with the star's mass and decreases with the square of the distance. 19. Massive main sequence stars A) Have hot cores, use their hydrogen rapidly, and go supernova after a short life. 0. Hubbub's law gives us an indirect way to measure a galaxy's D) Distance. 21. We can determine an object's temperature from its thermal (or â€Å"blackbody') spectrum by finding the wavelength at which it emits the most electromagnetic radiation.Galileo findings from his telescopic observations were revolutionary because he showed that the heavens were not perfect. B) FALSE 28. If the sun had begun fusion later, so it did not clear the solar nebula of its remaining gas so soon, Uranus and Neptune might have become as large as Jupiter and Saturn are now. A) TRUE 29. If the sun somehow instantaneously became a 1 solar mass black hole, the Earth According to Hubbub 's law, the reediest of a distant galaxy is directly related to its temperature. B) False

New Challenges for Africa and the Islamic World Essay

* Songhai flourished during the 1400s and 1500s, with an empire stretching 1500 miles east to west. (from Gao to the Niger River) a. Timbuktu * Timbuktu became a major center for trans-Saharan trade. Large supplies of gold, ivory, and slaves were sent abroad. * Timbuktu was a major center of Islamic scholarship, in particular because of the Islamic University of Sankore. * Civil war over succession weakened the empire which was then destroyed by Moroccan forces. B. Other West African States * The small Sudanic kingdoms that formed after the fall of Songhai were parts of a closely linked commercial network. * For example, the Dyula moved goods by donkey and canoe, dominating the regional trade. * A few non-Muslim states, including those of the Guinea Coast, had a matrilineal social structure. a. The Kanem-Bornu Kingdom * The Islamic kingdom of Kanem-Bornu prospered from trans-Saharan trade and reached its height under king Idrus Aloma. a. The Hausa and the Trans-Saharan Trade * The Hausa had trade-oriented states in modern-day Chad, eastern Niger, and Nigeria where cotton cloth and leatherwork were manufactured for export. * Islam became dominant, but women continued to play vital social and political roles. b. Trade on the Guinea Coast * A few non-Muslim states, including those of the Guinea Coast and Volta River basin, had a matrilineal social structure, and prospered from mining and trading in gold to the north. c. Europeans in West Africa * Portuguese encountered such large trading centers as the one at Guinala, (Guinea Bissau), where 12,000 men and women met weekly to trade. C. Bantu Trading Cities and Kingdoms (East) * Bantu settlers and Arab immigrants formed the Swahili culture. * The Swahili city-states grew wealthy by trading in African goods to peoples from around the Indian Ocean. a. Trade on the East African Coast * Swahili city-states were parts of the great trading network generally dominated by seafaring Arabs and Indian Muslims. d. The Shona and the Ganda * The Shona exported gold and ivory through the city of Sofala to the Middle East and India. * The Ganda people established the kingdom of Buganda west of Lake Victoria and Buganda dominated the region by the 1700s. e. The Kingdom of Kongo * In the Congo River basin, the Bantu kingdom of Kongo became one of the first great African states to be visited by European explorers. * The kingdoms of Luba and Lunda resisted European power into the nineteenth century. f. The Xhosa and the Zulu * The Xhosa and Zulu were the main Bantu-speaking groups to migrate into southern Africa. D. Africa in the Hemispheric System * Sub-Saharan Africans lacked interregional connections. * Sub-Saharan African was cut off from European and Asian trade. * Marginally fertile soils, scarce exploitable minerals, and few good harbors impeded development in Sub-Saharan Africa. a. Africa the Unknown * West and East Africa supplied gold, ivory, and other commodities to the Middle East and Europe for centuries. * The remaining Amharic Christians in modern-day Ethiopia were surrounded by Muslims and essentially cut off from contact with Europe. g. The Opening of Africa * Europeans set out to penetrate â€Å"Darkest Africa† with the â€Å"light† of the West, while also looking for direct routes to Asian spices and silk. * Africans were shocked and dismayed upon first sighting Europeans. h. The Beginning of the African Slave Trade * Europeans looked for slaves after setting up in the Americas. * Slavery had a long tradition in Africa, which involved Muslim traders. * Europeans already had enslaved their own peoples, though not with a racialized reason. II. EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM AND THE TRANS-ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE * Racism developed from early exploitative relationships forged by Portuguese and Dutch adventurers along the two coasts of Africa and in its southern reaches. A. The Portuguese and African Encounters * By the late 1400s the Portuguese had colonized the Cape Verde Islands and the nearby coastal region of Guinea-Bissau. * They also established a long relationship of cooperation with the prosperous Kongo kingdom of south central Africa and sent Catholic missionaries. a. Bartolomeu Dias and Vasco de Gama * In 1487 Bartholomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope and the Indian Ocean. Vasco da Gama established relations with East African Swahili trading cities. * In India, European goods could not compete with more valuable and finer products from India, China, Indonesia, and Persia. Da Gama had finally located the sea route to the east. * The Portuguese set up a network of trading bases around the Indian Ocean, and tried to limit the activity of their Arab, Ottoman, Persian, and Indian rivals. i. The Portuguese and the Kongo * The Christian King Alfonso I, a Portuguese ally, controlled the Kongo and attempted to emulate Portugal by expansion and modernization. * Slavery soured Portuguese-Kongolese relations. j. Queen Nzinga and African Resistance * After Alfonso’s death, the Portuguese conquered Kongo and Ndongo. Kongolese and Ndongo warriors were no match for Portuguese armies. Queen Nzinga of Ndongo strongly resisted the Portuguese. * Kongolese Christian kings appealed to the Pope to halt the slave raids. The Kongolese kings allied with the Dutch to curb Portuguese influence. Kongo endured civil wars, which led to the capture of more slaves. * Portuguese forces occupied several major Swahili trading cities. They eventually controlled several trading ports from the Persian Gulf to China. They used brutal methods to achieve their ends. k. The Decline of Portuguese Influence * Portuguese influence waned on the East Coast of Africa by the 17th century after they destroyed much of the trade by dissuading merchants to venture to the cities they nominally controlled. * In the late 1600s, Arabs from Oman pushed the Portuguese out. E. New Challenges for the Shona States and Ethiopia (East) * The Portuguese controlled the lower Zambezi Valley in order to dominate the gold trade. * They also moved up the Zambezi River and ended up controlling the largest Shona state of Monomotopa. * They also settled coastal Mozambique and mixed culturally, often through intermarriage. a. Ethiopian Civil War * The Portuguese forces assisted Ethiopians against their Muslim neighbors. * Jesuit missionaries converted Ethiopian king to Catholicism. * Attempts to change the Ethiopian Church did not succeed, and the missionaries and other Portuguese were expelled. F. South Africa and Dutch Colonization * Dutch settlers in Cape Town traded with the Khoikhoi, but then seized their land. They enslaved or killed all the Khoikhoi living near the Cape, then imposed white rule over Africans. * Slaves were imported from Madagascar, Mozambique, and Indonesia. * As the economy developed, Africans and Asians outnumbered whites. a. The Boers and â€Å"trekking† * Some Dutch settlers, or Boers, moved eastward to escape governmental control and look for new land to settle. * The Boers tried to take over Xhosa and Zulu lands. G. The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade * Europeans enslaved Africans to fulfill their labor needs in the Americas on plantations and in mines. * Physical differences established racial basis of trans-Atlantic slavery. a. The Slave Trade Expands * West Africa was fragmented, which made it vulnerable to slave trading. The Europeans established trading forts from Senegal to Angola. * The Europeans traded cotton goods, guns, iron, rum, and tobacco for slaves. The Europeans often cooperated with local African chiefs to obtain slaves. * The exact number of enslaved Africans is uncertain, but it probably totaled 25 to 30 million individuals. The trans-Atlantic slave trade reached its peak between 1700 and 1800. l. Horrors of the Middle Passage * Slaves were branded, chained together, and packed into overcrowded slave ships. * Many slaves committed suicide before reaching the Americas, so slavers installed nets along the sides of slave ships to catch jumpers. There were also many attempted mutinies en route. * The majority of slaves were sold to plantations without regard to personal ties. m. Rationalizing the Slave Trade * Europeans justified slavery by claiming that Africans were inherently inferior. * Some Westerners argued that slavery benefited Africans by exposing them to Western culture, values, and religion. H. The Slave Trade and African Societies * Some coastal regions of West and Central Africa succumbed to chronic raiding, kidnapping, and warfare. * Some societies were particularly destabilized when huge numbers were enslaved. * Out of these patterns of human enslavement emerged the Atlantic System. a. The Impact of the Slave Trade on Africa * Some African societies prospered by selling neighboring peoples into slavery. The kings of Benin obtained firearms by trading cotton textiles, pepper, ivory, and beads, and prohibited the sale of male slaves. * States such as Dahomey prospered by cooperating with the slave traders. Coastal regions from Senegambia down to Angola suffered the most (ex. family damage.) * The trans-Atlantic slave trade created economic imbalances that hindered the evolution of local industries, though African societies arguably benefited from the introduction of peanuts and corn. n. Early Imperialism and Colonialism in Africa * Europeans practiced imperialism and colonialism in Africa. * The scramble for Africa intensified with industrialization in Europe. Western industrialization helped end the slave trade, but accelerated the need for African natural resources.

Shame: Feeling and Random Chivalrous Deeds

Dick Gregory, the author uses mood and tone to develop the main character as a shameful person, which ultimately teaches the reader that people have to find themselves over time and also how stylistic techniques create the story and its plot. The narrator demonstrates this throughout the short story, influenced by a girl named Helen Tucker. Her existence alone developed the narrator as the shameful person he is and taught him that he will never have a daddy or live a life without feeling dfferent.The author uses mood, which are the feelings created In the set atmosphere of the reading, to put the reader in the narrator's point of view and feel sympathy for his thrive to fit In with everyone else at school. This Is what Influenced the development of Richard's feeling of shame. Another example Is how Richard develops hate for his life and school. He hated asking everyone for necessities, such as rotten pears and even spoonfuls of sugar; even though it is the only way he can survive. Th e mood, including shame and hate, puts the reader in Richard's shoes and makes him r her realize how terrible it would be to live like that.The author also uses tone, which is expressed through the author's attitude, to show how such a sweet kid is treated so badly for being different. For example, when all of the â€Å"daddy's† came into school to donate money. Richard saved all of his money he earned shining shoes and with a very soft and sweet tone was trying to put the Impression on his classmates that his father gave him the fifteen dollars to put In. Yet, the teacher still treated him with hate and disrespect, making feel left out. Another example is the tone of love. Richard always talked to Helen with love In his voice, doing random chivalrous deeds for her and her family.Even after everything he did the love was not returned. This, overall, developed Richard to be a depressed little kid; shedding tears in front of his love and classmates. This technique allows the re ader to see the change in the narrator easily. Richard Gregory was a happy little kid filled with love who changed into a shameful kid filled with hate. In the story â€Å"Shame† by Dick Gregory, the author uses mood and tone to develop the main character as a shameful person, which ultimately eaches the reader that people have to find themselves over time, and what goes around does not always come back around.Richard learned that life does not go how you want It to and even the happiest person can turn out to be living In a life of shame. The trait was rubbed onto Richard through other characters attitudes and feelings. The reader can learn from this, and know to always keep their head up even when life isn't going their way. Shame: Feeling and Random Chivalrous Deeds By kaigace life without feeling different. The author uses mood, which are the feelings created in the set atmosphere of is thrive to fit in with everyone else at school.This is what influenced the development of Richard's feeling of shame. Another example is how Richard develops treated so badly for being different. For example, when all of the â€Å"daddys† came into with a very soft and sweet tone was trying to put the impression on his classmates that his father gave him the fifteen dollars to put in. Yet, the teacher still treated him Richard always talked to Helen with love in his voice, doing random chivalrous deeds you want it to and even the happiest person can turn out to be living in a life of

The King’s Storm- A Point of No Return

Shakespeare’s King Lear examines the politics of betrayal and the awful costs paid by its victims.   Nowhere in the play are these costs more apparent than in those scenes in which Lear and his exiled companions find themselves caught in the midst of a thunderstorm unsheltered.   As King, Lear embodied the basic assumptions of monarchy, one being that the universe is ordered according to a divine logic.   Within this ideological construct, natural phenomena works as the hand of God.Therefore, thunderstorms, earthquakes, and floods are all extensions of God’s judgment- Biblical examples include the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah, the Great Flood, the Parting of the Red Sea, etc., etc.   Though King Lear is set in pre-Christian Britain, the dynamic enshrined in these examples operates here as well- the wicked shall be punished and the righteous shall be rewarded.   This order of due punishment and reward is shocked when Lear is betrayed by his ungrateful daug hters, Regan and Goneril.   The ensuing storm is a manifestation of this order overthrown, and is as notable for its symbolic function as it is for its direct effect on King Lear.Just as a storm will cover the sun’s rays, many of the characters left in the storm have been forced to cover or mask their true, righteous natures.   Kent and Edgar both don the apparel and manners of unlearned beggars in order to help those they serve in a time of crisis.   Lear similarly adopts the apparel of madness, though unlike the previously mentioned characters, he does so by compulsion rather than artifice.   For Kent and Edgar, these transformations aren’t permanent, as the indignity symbolized by the storm does not conquer them.   But for Lear, the storm is the last stand for his sanity.   He’s simply unable to think of his daughters’ betrayal, for â€Å"that way Madness lies† (Act III, scene 4, line 21).Another interesting parallel between the natu re of the storm and that of Lear’s madness can be drawn here.   A storm is by definition the release of pent-up energies, energies that either implode or explode but will not dissipate.   As the horrible knowledge of his misjudgments dawns on Lear, this knowledge takes the form of psychosomatic energies which must either implode as madness or explode as acts of revenge.Perhaps if Lear were a younger man, he might have tried at revenge, but madness is the seemingly inevitable result of such extreme misfortune at such advanced age.   Just as the storm explodes with its torrential rains and its deafening thunder, Lear begins his implosion in counterpoint, descending into madness.   As he cannot match the explosive rage of the storm with an act of revenge, he must mount an equally powerful attack on his own psyche.His pain runs so deep by this point that the literal gales cannot compare to â€Å"the Tempest in [his] Mind† (III, 4, 12).   Pragmatically, implosion serves not only the purpose of dispersing irrepressible psychosomatic energies, but also sets up a bulwark through which further pains cannot penetrate.   Thus, the aforementioned â€Å"Tempest in [Lear’s] Mind / Doth from [his] Sense take all Feeling else / Save what beats there, Filial Ingratitude† (III, 4, 12-14).Viewed from a different perspective, the storm can be seen as a challenge to Lear- can he show the strength and resolve that’s necessary to right the wrongs that have been done to him?   His answer to that challenge is a resounding no.   Though at some points he seems resolute, as when he calls out to the storm to â€Å"Pour on, I will endure,† his ensuing madness betrays such exclamations (III, 4, 16).Lear does endure, but only behind the aforementioned shield of implosion, a purgatorial state in which neither engagement with reality nor death is possible.   It’s only a little later that he effectively renounces what was left o f his regal spirit, crying, â€Å"†¦-Take Physic, Pomp:/ Expose thy self to feel what Wretches feel,/ That thou mayst shake the Superflux to them/ And shew the Heavens more Just† (Lear, III, 4, 33-36).   Though this statement could be interpreted as a positive call for royal humility in another context, here it is nothing more than a slightly veiled admission of surrender.   In lowering himself to the level of a common â€Å"Wretch,† he does not take dignity with him, but leaves it a memory of his once-glorious past.When considering the effects of the storm on Lear, one must consider not only the storm in itself, but the circumstances in which he experiences it.   If he had experienced such a storm in even a poor peasant’s cottage, the deposed king might have been able to clutch onto a final shred of royal composure and dignity.   But lost in the wilderness, Lear realizes that he has truly lost control of a land he once ruled, and of himself as well for that matter.   To build a shelter for oneself from cold and wind and rain is at bottom an attempt to control the elements, to moderate their rule over one’s life.Lear has, by this point, fallen so far from his earlier height that he no longer has this basic semblance of control to shield him from the whims of nature.   The former king has effectively fallen from the highest station one could possess to the very lowest.   This extreme transformation finds its expression in the extreme nature of the storm.   It is not a polite storm but one in which â€Å"Sheets of Fire,†¦Bursts of horrid Thunder,†¦[and] Groans of roaring Wind and Rain† paint a picture of hell on Earth (Kent, III, 2, 46-47).With these symbolic cues, one is meant to understand that Lear has fallen from the paradise of his court to the hell of a stormy wilderness.   His fall bears some resemblance to the Biblical story of Adam and Eve who were tempted by the flattery and promises o f Satan into actions forbidden by God and thus were expelled from paradise.   Accordingly, the idea of devils, or â€Å"Fiends,† permeates the speech of Edgar in his guise as Old Tom, the beggar, and though it’s never explicitly stated, these â€Å"Fiends† are likely the betrayers Edmund, Goneril, Regan and Cornwall.   The flattery of these betrayers preys on the good-natured faith of their victims, just as the snake preyed on that of Adam and Eve.But whereas Adam and Eve understood the consequences of their actions, Lear does not, and therefore his actions cannot be considered â€Å"sinful,† only misguided.   So fittingly, it is not through the will of God but by the machinations of his betrayers, that Lear is sentenced to a wilderness, the character of which would usually be reserved for criminals and evil-doers.   It is a realm in which, according to Edmund, â€Å"†¦revenging Gods/ ‘Gainst Parricides did all the Thunder Bend† (II, 1, 46-47).   Thus, Lear is unjustly submitted to the thunderbolts that should be reserved for his betrayers.   So it is that the storm appears at this critical time in the play as a manifestation of a judgmental wrath that has been rendered impotent.This is perhaps the nadir in the fortunes of the righteous, when all are gathered a collective of exiles, and the plans of the wicked have yet to begin their slow unraveling.   The spaces normally reserved for the righteous (the royal courts) are occupied by the wicked, and those normally reserved for the wicked (the stormy wilderness) are occupied by the righteous.   The hand of judgment seems to have been momentarily confused.   At the conclusion of the play, Albany attempts to set things back in their rightful order, despite great losses already suffered, stating â€Å"All Friends shall taste/ The Wages of their Virtue, and all Foes/ The Cup of their Deservings†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (V, 3, 295-301).Exposed to the ravages of st orm, such a sense of justice seems unattainable to Lear, an ideal lost in an age of treachery.   The storm serves as his personal point of no return, after such a fall from grace it seems impossible that he could rise again.   And he cannot- the storm is Lear’s crucifixion, though he still lived after its passing, something in him recognizes that as he inadvertently birthed the chaos that engulfs him, he must die for it to pass.

Artificial Intelligence in Facebook for Psychology- myassignmenthelp

AI is the short form of Artificial intelligence. It is a process of giving the machine mostly computers the ability to almost reason like a human being (Cohen and Feigenbaum, 2014. 00). It is done through the use of codes in programming. One of the major languages known in this field is the Python programming language. AI has brought major boosts in the IT industry in the current world. There are very many applications using AI that are used on the websites and other social media Companies like Facebook. It uses human reasoning to respond to question which a person can’t even notice. AI has simplified a lot of things, and it is a great deal in the software development field. AI can be used in all fields, medicine, agriculture, technology and construction (Hutter et al. 2014. 80). The content, however, deals with AI being in the technology field most important in Facebook. Facebook is a multibillionaire company that has helped people in terms of communication and business. People all over the world can send messages to each other, and it takes seconds to send and receive. People have seen such a platform as an opportunity to improve their business in terms of marketing strategies. They are using it to sell and resell products and services. Some have earned a fortune from such a Company which has free registration. AI being introduced in such a Company can really help improve services to its customers and go on being the best social media platform in the World. There are various ways and fields in which AI can be implemented in Facebook. In such a platform, there is the need to have a support area where customers with needs can get their feedback within seconds. If there is something that people hate is a delay. An AI application are integrated into the platform, which will be replying messages and calls from the customers and give the immediate feedback. That’s is one of the major applications of the AI which can really boost such a company. In Facebook today, people log in through email, usernames and passwords. These methods are somehow not secure. The data in a person’s account should be protected because even the law states so. People can guess other people’s emails and passwords, get into peoples profile and take or see whatever they want. There is the AI application which is a face or eye recognition can be reinforced together with the speech recognition. The AI’s working together with the logins can make the platform more secure. There is an AI applications which is used to detect fraud. The information in the Facebook database for every user is important. Through the use of AI, if the application detects a login from a different locations, or any other suspicious thing, it can send an email or text to the original and known user to inform him/her. In case it was not the user doing such an action, there is a link to follow to increase the security of the account. When Artificial Intelligence is introduced and implemented in a Company like Facebook, there a lot of merits that can associate with such technology (Nilsson, 2014. 00). People using Facebook platform will always be served at a very fast rate without delay. AI are even faster compared to human beings, and still, they are developed using human reasoning. One AI applications can serve a great multitude of customers which is not the case to one support agent. Speed matters in social media platform. The platform will be user-friendly. One of the reasons why software’s and applications fail is that of user unfriendliness. If the platform if friendly, then the number of users increases. One of the important impacts of AI is security. All AI applications are highly secured. People need assurance that the accounts and data can never be available to another person at any given time. The speech recognition and the rest can make the Facebook platforms more secure compared to the use of p asswords.   There are a lot of advantages that come with AI application in such a Company (Russell and Norvig. 2016, 00). One, the number of customers served by the applications at a single time cannot be possible if one is using a support team. Their users will love the responses and time, and then more users will love the platform increasing the number of users which increases the profit margins. Facebook management will also not incur the cost of hiring thousands of employees to work as support teams hence reducing expenses. Facebook main problem is data security. That’s why people use their platform since they are assured their information is secured. AI helps in boosting the security level (Bond and Gasser, 2014. 00) There must be a demerit in everything since nothing is perfect. The applications can lead to unemployment, and sometimes they fail due to functionality error (Spiro, Bruce and Brewer. 2017, 00). In conclusion, AI in Facebook can act as a major boost for its growth. The Facebook platform can be secure and fast in service delivery. Unemployment can be a problem to the general public but an advantage to the management . Bond, A.H. and Gasser, L. eds., 2014.  Readings in distributed artificial intelligence. Morgan Kaufmann. Cohen, P.R. and Feigenbaum, E.A. eds., 2014.  The handbook of artificial intelligence  (Vol. 3). Butterworth-Heinemann. Hutter, F., Xu, L., Hoos, H.H. and Leyton-Brown, K., 2014. Algorithm runtime prediction: Methods & evaluation.  Artificial Intelligence,  206, pp.79-111. Nilsson, N.J., 2014.  Principles of artificial intelligence. Morgan Kaufmann. Russell, S.J. and Norvig, P., 2016.  Artificial intelligence: a modern approach. Malaysia; Pearson Education Limited,. Spiro, R.J., Bruce, B.C. and Brewer, W.F. eds., 2017.  Theoretical issues in reading comprehension: Perspectives from cognitive psychology, linguistics, artificial intelligence and education  (Vol. 11). Routledge.

The Current and Futuristic Position of Etisalat Assignment

The Current and Futuristic Position of Etisalat - Assignment Example Furthermore, the report looks into the factors that limit the company’s efficiency and effectiveness on a global and national front. According to research carried out, it is notable that entering a foreign market can pose unique sets of problems that a company had not previously in the country of origin (Womack and Jones, p. 12). Emirates Telecommunications Corporation, which operates under the brand name Etisalat is a service provider in the telecommunication sector. The company is incorporated in the UAE and is operational in at least eighteen nations especially in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia. Mobile Network Code (MNC), a global regulator of the telecommunication industry asserts that, at present, Etisalat is ranked as the fifth biggest operator in the mobile telecommunication sector, having a massive consumer base of close to one hundred and twenty million people globally. MNC, which offers a list of mobile national codes under ISO 3166-1 country codes, asserts that Etisalat is a key player in the global telecommunication sector, having been founded in the year 1976. As at February 2011, Etisalat gives an account of a net income of AED 31.9 billion ($8.4 billion), with profit margins reaching AED 7.63 billion or $ 2.07 billion. The company is a joint-stock corporation held by local affiliates and int ernationally reputed companies such as International Aeradio Limited and another company based in Britain. The ownership structure of the company shifted significantly in 1983 when the government of the United Arab Emirates acquired up to 60% of the company’s shares, before trading the remaining 40% in the public market.

The Epilepsy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Epilepsy - Essay Example Surveys that have been carried out by the healthcare agencies shows an increased cases of this neurological condition in relatives of probands with a notable 50% unaffected relatives who are asymptomatic and when diagnosed shows no sign of JME and therefore considered to be JME negative but PSW-positive. Scientific investigations and findings have established that JME estimations show a likelihood of genetic cause that is found in clustered lineage of families. It is imperative that genetic analysis is undertaken to allow for easy identification and JME disease. Identification of the primary epileptic abnormality is enabled by EEG endophenotype (PSW) and other factors may contribute to the causal relationship. Primary epileptic abnormality identification is instrumental in uncovering how the electric discharges are generated and the explanation behind the cases of clinical seizure in some patients and resistance in others. The overall aim of this study is to give a comprehensive expl anation of the occurrence of EEG endophenotype PSW with a sample of a statistically well-defined population. The population for this study constitutes the asymptomatic relatives of JME with a positive EEG-PSW of age ranging 10-40 years. This age group constitutes the old and the young so that there is an exhaustive generalization of this condition’s implications. This action will help in finding out answers to whether the first-degree relative who is EEG-PSW positive and a JME-patient can develop epilepsy over time.

Text in context Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Text in context - Essay Example On an annual fishing trip, in isolated high country, Stuart, Rocco, Carl, and Billy find the body of a girl in the river. They think it is too late for them to report the case and decide not to get back to the road. Even all next day, they get too engrossed in their fishing engagement and do not bother going to report the case of the dead body they had found the previous evening. There is, in fact, a feeling among them that it doesn’t concern them so much; they don’t have to do it anyway (Carver 76). When they finally return home to report the case, their wives are shocked that they could find a dead human body and stay fishing all next day without caring to report the case early next if they thought it was too late to do so at the time they found it. What shocks the wives more is the fact they left the body lying there. The men, however, have an opinion that the girl had died and didn’t need help in her dead state anyway. Even if she did, it wasn’t going to be urgent as their wives wanted to make them believe. They just didn’t see anything they could do with a dead body that wasn’t feeling any pain anymore. Stewart’s wife Claire is the last to know. The plot becomes thicker and she already can tell that something horrible happened. Stuart refuses to admit it, neither is he even will to talk about it. There is a callousness about all of this which disturbs her deeply. Stewart is not convinced that he has done anything wrong. Claire’s faith in her relationship with her husband is shaken to the core. The men and their entire family, including their wives and kids start getting haunted by some bad spirits (Carver 77). This is the point they start feeling they hadn’t done something good, but it’s too late for them to do anything about it. There is totally no undoing it, at least not at this point. This turns out to be the heroic moment for Claire. She is the only one that’s able to understand that something extremely

Collage of pharmacy admission essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Collage of pharmacy admission - Essay Example Pharmacology is one subject where I will not only be able to continue my interest in the subject of chemistry, but also at the end of my studies, have a promising career. This course in pharmacy will enable me to fly high and make my dreams come true. The reason I have chosen a degree in this subject is because of the wide range of opportunities that it provides. My focus in not just to complete the course in pharmacy, but also to go for higher studies in this field. Today, pharmacists’ skills are in high demand all over the world. Pharmacists are considered as expert health professionals and many doors of opportunity open to a career that offers security, flexibility, satisfaction and excellent rewards. In fact, it can be said that without a pharmacy sector, the health care is incomplete. It is a well known fact that pharmacists work in all kinds of places and work very closely with the hospitals, doctors and other health care professionals. Having a strong foundation in chemistry, my immediate goal is to get an admission in the pharmacy school and long term professional goal is to pursue my research interest by getting a doctor of pharmacy degree. I am sure to complete my degree in flying colors and by the time I finish my doctorate in pharmacy, I am sure to have a variety of opportunities which will help me achieve financial security. As of now, I will be able to devote all of my attention to the sole subject of my interest: chemistry and pharmacology. I have a positive mental attitude and I am confident that I will be able to complete with high scores in pharmacy. My positive motivation, sincerity, insightful, will all add to my success. I knew early on in my studies that this was a subject that I could excel in due to my natural inclination towards the sciences. I believe that my educational background and abilities would be an excellent base for my future studies. I am aware that this university is looking for students who have good

United States Military Foreign Policy Assignment

United States Military Foreign Policy - Assignment Example Aside from militaristic efforts, the federal government also sought to increase its own power and ability to utilize all of their resources in order to win the war on terror. The President’s power was Constitutionally expanded in a time of war, so 9/11 permitted the government to implement these wartime powers, including the increase of domestic and international surveillance (known by the Bush administration as the â€Å"dark side†) and the â€Å"secret document† signed by President George W. Bush (unbeknownst to many in the administration) instituting military tribunals to hold and try known terrorists, as opposed to civilian courts guaranteed by the Constitution. The events of 9/11 enabled the federal government and U.S. military to expand their interests and presence in regions which previously seemed impossible. In order to convince the recently-patriotic American people that U.S. military intervention was necessary, they focused on the oppressive governments of the nation’s enemies. They put forth the ideals and values evident in the American Constitution articulated over two hundred years ago, in which every nation must hold democratic elections and a certain set of basic rights should be guaranteed to all citizens despite race, creed or economic standing. The fascist regime of Saddam Hussein fit perfectly into the mold of murdering oppressors who must be ousted from power to help people incapable of helping themselves.  

Principal barrier to nurseconsumer partnerships Essay

Principal barrier to nurseconsumer partnerships - Essay Example The elderly patients on the whole require more compassion, concentration and patience from the nursing staff to get their message across. There are many factors that increase the difficulty in communication between the nurses and the elderly. Patients perceive good communication as critical to the delivery of health care. (Adiar, 1994, Young, 1995) The common patient barriers to communication involve impaired hearing and vision, difference in the way of acting and verbal expression from the younger generation, cognitive and memory problems, physical problems, and environmental factors such as noise or poor lightening. (Park and Song, 2004) Whereas the common nurse related barriers have been assessed to be stereotyping, poor articulation, and excessive use of medical terminologies. (Lubinski and Wellan, 1997) Many strategies have been described by nurses as being helpful in communication with patients who have verbal difficulties. The cases like of May usually require non verbal communication techniques along with verbal communication. Non verbal communication comprise mainly of seven indices. These are facial movements, gaze, touch, gesticulation, interpersonal spacing, posture and odor. (Barker, 1963, McBride, 1964, Scheflen, 1973, Henley, 1977, Argyle, 1994) Nurses report looking at the patient and picking up clues such as facial expressions, eye gaze, and body language are extremely helpful. Another system is the yes and no system, where by the patient answers to the questions via head nods, eye blinks and foot taps etc. (Hemsley et al, 2001) Watching for expressions on the face of patients such as relief expressions, repeating the questions to ascertain the yes or no response, rephrasing questions, adding animation or signs, and using pen and paper and pictures to communicate ideas have also been regarded as very helpful in achieving communication. (Hemsley et al, 2001) Communication between the nurses and the patients can be improved significantly if nurses were trained to pick them in their surroundings. Nurses should develop an interest in caring for the elderly, since this will improve the overall attitude of the nurse towards providing care. Nurses should provide confidence to the patients so as to allow "disclosure" of patient's weaknesses. (Park and Song, 2005) The removal of physical environmental barriers will also help in better communication development. Many of the older patients do not respond well to the hospital environment. This problem can be alleviated if the nurses introduce and explain the hospital environment, so as to increase familiarity. (Park and Song, 2005) The problem of generation gap can be minimized by educating the nurses of the perceptions of the patients and giving individual nurse care to the patients. (Park and Song, 2005) References Adair L. (1994) The patient's agenda. Nursing Standard 9, 2023. Argyle M,1994 Bodily Communication,2nd Edition, Methuen, London. Barker, RG,1963.The Stream of Behavior, Appleton-Century-Croft, New York Hemsley, Sigafoos, Balandin, Forbes, Taylor, Green, Parmenter, 2001 Nursing the patient with severe communication impairment Journal of Advanced Nursing 35(6), 827835 Henley NM, 1977 Body Politics, Power, Sex and Non verbal Communication. Prenctice Hall,

THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN TODAY SOCIETY VERSUS THEIR TRADITIONAL ROLE Essay

THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN TODAY SOCIETY VERSUS THEIR TRADITIONAL ROLE - Essay Example However, with the passage of time, the writer forgot about the beauty the river exuded and instead concentrated only on thoughts of the usefulness the river in helping the author to safely row his steamboat. Moreover, instead of admiring the beauty of the river, he started finding out the negative traits the river had. He was more concerned in looking at a single living branch of a tall dead tree, difficulty in steering the steamboat in the night and other such problems the river may pose. The plain simple lives when people had time to watch the elegance of a woman has been lost with the passage of time. The author pities all those who overlook the gracefulness, elegance and charm a woman exudes especially doctors (Twain, 1883). Take the example of the legendary Egyptian queen Cleopatra. She was known for her beauty and charm. At the same time she was a great ruler and her achievement as a queen has spurred many stories (Tour Egypt, 2011). This is a single case. In the traditional so ciety life of women spiralled around the house and family. Most women got married at an early age and were thrust with the responsibility of bearing and caring off offspring. The role of modern women today is much greater. She has to equally take care of the house, family and also venture out to work.

Death, Tragedy and Community at Wartime Essay Example for Free

Death, Tragedy and Community at Wartime Essay Dying in War: Implications for the family, the community and the social worker Death is a phenomenon that evokes mixed reactions and views from a community. For some, it a blessed release from the trials and problems of life. To others, it may very well be the end of the world when they lose a loved one. What remains constant however is the grief, bereavement and loneliness experienced by those left behind. Even more so when death was sudden and unexpected as like what happens in times of war, disaster, and terrorist attacks. Grief goes through many stages, each stage more difficult that the last. While most people generally manage to cope with time, some experience more difficulties and tend to develop psychological and emotional problems. During the First and Second World Wars, the knock of the postman was a thing of dread. They either brought telegrams summoning the sons and fathers of families for the draft or telegrams announcing the death or loss of loved one. An estimated 8 million military personnel in 14 European countries were killed in World War I, and 14. 4 million military personnel in 17 European countries were killed in World War II (Aiken, 2001, p. 111). Parents who suddenly lose their children such as what happened to most wartime mothers with adult sons usually have a harder time coming to terms with the death of their child (Gilbert, 2005, p. 6). The loss and feelings of helplessness and anger can be intense. There is a common belief that something is wrong when a parent buries his/her child. Most parents who have experienced this report that they feel dissociation with life and everything just felt so unreal (p. 6). That it is not right that parents should survive their children is often the thought that haunts bereaved parents. What role do social workers play in times of war and terror? Social problems are defined as the challenges that face and exist in communities (Hardcastle, Powers Wenocur, 2004, p. 62). It is the social workers job to help the community and its members formulate and implement solutions to these problems. Social workers usually work with problems related to economic disadvantages, illness and disability, crime and delinquency, abuse and maltreatment, service provision to special parts of the population and mental illness. All these problems call for leadership attention and trained intervention (p. 62). No situation can put all these things together more than times of war. What may be the biggest challenge to a social worker though is the task of helping a family and community deal with the sudden losses of loved ones in combat. In addition to this, they should also be prepared to cope with the rehabilitation of those who have been able to come back home but exist with scars that are not only physical but also mental and emotional. The events of September 11, 2001, though technically not a part of any formal war except the one on terror, had an impact that was not dissimilar to armed conflicts. There was confusion, anger, anxiety and above all, people who in an instant lost their loved ones. As with wartime, sudden death can only be viewed as unfair and untimely (Clements, Deranieri, Vigil Benasutti, 2004) For example, the September 11, 2001 terror attacks left behind families and children who have lost moms and dads in that instant. Even adults and children who were indirectly affected by the attacks have grown to suffer feelings of anxiety and shattered security in their personal and familial safety (Smith Reynolds, 2002). Besides the inevitable feelings of grief, children especially were left behind and often had to contend with nightmares and morbid pictures of the traumatic deaths their loved ones experienced as well as the stress and difficulty of trying to picture lives without mom or dad. It is also important to remember that the effects of trauma are not limited to those who suffer it directly (Sims, Hayden, Palmer Hutchins, 2000, p. 41) The ubiquity of television also afforded children at home not only news of the attacks but also vivid pictures and descriptions of the tragedy and all its violence. This made it even more problematic for children and people who have lost loved ones in the Twin Towers and the plane crashes as coverage of each horrific scene gave them fodder for the imagination and subsequent nightmares. The case of a 7-year old boy named Johnny is cited in the study (2002) by Smith and Reynolds. : Following the 9/11 attacks, Johnny developed a constant fear of his parents leaving home and getting killed by bad men. He also developed a phobia of elevators and would throw tantrums whenever his parents tried to make him use one. Johnny admitted to his therapist that his fear of elevator stemmed from a story he heard of how people in the Twin Towers were trapped and killed while riding in the elevators. (Smith Reynolds, 2002) Neither Johnny nor his family were directly involved or affected in the terror attack. The mental and emotional strain suffered by survivors and those affected by this very high profile event led to the American Psychiatric Associations setting up of counseling services focusing on grief, acute stress and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) (Smith Reynolds, 2002). The difficulty that most surviving relatives meet is in the un-timeliness of death. While conventional wisdom holds that sons and fathers who go to war may not come back again, more often than not, there is a strong hope that they will be able to come home. Despite the knowledge of all the possibilities, the sudden and traumatic nature of death often creates problems among surviving relatives. They become victims in their own right. Muller and Thompson believe that the manner of death plays a vital role in determining the reaction of the survivors (Muller Thompson, 2003). If its bad enough for people to suddenly lose their loved ones, how much more would it be for children to live and go through an environment of war and death? In his article in the Journal of Multi-cultural Counseling and Development in 2004, Clinical psychologist and Fellow of the American Psychological Association (APA) Gargi Roysircar relates the case of 20-year old Yugoslavian emigre Stephen, who at the age of 10 witnessed the height of the civil war between Christians and Muslims in Kosovo in 1990. In interviews with his counselor, Stephen recalls witnessing about 80% of his classmates get killed by bombs, sniper shots and gunfire as they walked to and from school. At age 14, Stephen was taken by his father to the frontlines for training in combat to fight with the Serbian army. The next two years wold take Stephen all over the Balkans and would expose him to all kinds of death, privation and war atrocities. Eventually migrating as political refugees in the United States, in 1999, Stephen demonstrated difficulty in acculturation and adjustment. The constant displacement he experienced in war along with the mistrust bred by his past and cultural paranoia fostered by the Croatian community they lived with made it difficult for Stephen to acclimatize to peacetime setting. Roysircar describes Stephen as having recurrent thoughts and images of his violent experience in the Balkans. He experienced nightmares, hostility and a profound sense of a lack of belonging. Stephen also often recounted the difficulties he experienced including hiding in a basement and eating rats especially when angry. He also displays a deep-seated hatred for the Muslims and believes the Middle East should be wiped off the face of the Earth (Roysircar, 2004). While there may be models detailing stages of grief and recovery, social workers must be prepared for instances that do not adhere to such models. In Stephens case while he did not directly lose any of his close family members, he was exposed at an early age to violence and death. He has also experienced being the cause of another human beings death as he and his father fought on the Serbian army. This is no different from the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder exhibited by American soldiers returning from Vietnam or any other area where they fought in combat. A person does not have to lose anyone in order to feel grief, bereavement and suffer any disorder that may result from it as evidenced by the little boy Johnnie and Stephen. Death in wartime is not limited to just the loss of a loved one. In a community where all able bodied men are called to arms, anybody can lose husbands, brothers, fathers and sons at any day. Families left behind are left to their own devices and imaginings of what horrors their loved ones are facing. Those who do lose family members are haunted by the manner by which their loved one died. There is also the unfortunate circumstance in war where death is an ambiguous issue. In the Vietnam War, many people were reported missing in action. The families of such people were left at an awkward and horrible position of not knowing whether they should be mourning or holding out hope for their loved ones return (Worden, 2003, p. 40). In some cases, some families do accept the reality that their loved one may be dead and go through the entire process of mourning and recovery only to be told later that their husbands and sons were simply prisoners of war and has since been released. While ordinarily this may sound like a fairy tale ending, there may come unbridgeable gaps and tension that can only ruin relationships and lives (p. 85). On the other hand, some families may keep clinging to the hope that their loved ones are alive and therefore refuse to give way to grief and acceptance. Stacy Bannerman (2007) is one of the many army wives whose marriage was broken up by war. In her article that appeared in The Progressive, she relates how her once happy marriage with one of the militarys mortar platoon commanders started heading downhill with every death he caused and witnessed during his stint in Iraq. She decries the insensitivity and lack of support for military families from the National Guard. She further cites how there was an absolute lack of prompt attention to the mental and emotional needs of returning military men who more often than not suffered from PTSD like her husband, Lorin did. Because of this, there have been military men who have survived their tour of duty only to succumb to mental and emotional anguish and end up committing suicide on American soil (Bannerman, 2007). It is the soldiers, their families, and the people of Iraq that pay the human costs. The tab so far: more than 3,000 dead U. S. troops, tens of thousands of wounded, over half a million Iraqi casualties, roughly 250,000 American servicemen and women struggling with PTSD, and almost 60,000 military marriages that have been broken by this war (Bannerman, 2007). The problem here is that most of those left behind are left to cope with their own fears without the support of anybody else except family and members who are also wrapped up in their own concerns. In this case, social workers must be able to take the lead in establishing outreach and community groups so people do not have to cope and suffer in isolation. Carpenter (2002) states that the psychological well-being of the members of a community is one of the jobs of a social worker. While it is true that the trauma brought on by exposure to violence and death may be an individual process, healing and recovery needs societal support and strong relationships (Carpenter, 2002). This may become a challenge to families and communities who are dealing with their anxiety and grief. However, Carpenter reminds social workers that one of the primary goals of social work is to help empower the oppressed. Oppression in itself can take on many definitions and forms. In this particular case, it is the trauma and grief that is debilitating and oppressing the individual and the community. Social workers must also be prepared to look for signs of repressed grief. Some individuals choose to withhold and fail to express grief and therefore develop problems later in life often developing manias, paranoia and demonstrate abuse towards other people. At times, the feelings of grief or multiple losses of loved ones may lead to a grief overload that would cause an individual to delay grief (Worden, 2003, p. 91) The community as a social system can provide a network of support. Given the right leadership, empathy and sensitivity, it can also become a safe place where people can come to terms with their grief and slowly move on toward recovery. In the cases of Johnnie and Stephen, it took time before they were able to face and admit their anger, anxiety and grief at the bad things that they experienced and fear. Sometimes, self-reflection and a ready ear is all thats necessary. As clinically trained counselors and diagnosticians, social workers are tasked with the duty of helping people recognize and understand what problems they may have. Community-wise, social workers should have enough knowledge of the communitys demographics in order to unify and create a solid network of safety and interaction that may assist troubled and grieving individuals particularly in conflict filled times such as war. Death at wartime comes in many forms. It could be the actual death of a loved one, anxiety at the possible death, loss at whether somebody is dead or not, or even those who continue to physically live but have broken spirits and permanent disabilities as a result of war wounds. Much as death is a big thing that affects not only the family but also the community as a whole, war brings with it so much more problems and issues that will undoubtedly challenge most social workers. Undertaking social work means one must be in sync with the community. By in sync, it covers everything from issues, key people, and resources that may be mobilized in times of need. War is a time of immense crisis and tragedy that the social worker must be prepared to face head on and ably lead and facilitate the processes by which the community may be transformed into a supportive societal system that each member may be able to depend on. This does not mean however that social workers cannot be affected or lose their sense of self in dealing with all these tragedies. Tsui and Cheung (2003) recommend a self-reflection on the part of the social worker in order to understand and come to terms with their own reactions and feelings to tragedies they both witness and hear about from their clients before attempting to deal further with the grief of others. They also stress that once social workers attend to their duties, they should do so intellectually yet with empathy and focus on assessing and addressing the needs of the community rather than ones own (Tsui Cheung, 2003) References Aiken, L. R. (2001). Dying, Death, and Bereavement (4th ed. ). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=22091057 Bannerman, S. (2007, March). Broken by This War. The Progressive, 71, 26+. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5021139792 Carpenter, J. (2002). Mental Health Recovery Paradigm: Implications for Social Work. Health and Social Work, 27(2), 86+. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5000778618 Gilbert, K. R. (2005). 1 When a Couple Loses a Child. In Family Stressors: Interventions for Stress and Trauma, Catherall, D. R. (Ed. ) (pp. 5-30). New York: Brunner Routledge. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=109184971 Catherall, D. R. (Ed. ). (2005). Family Stressors: Interventions for Stress and Trauma. New York: Brunner Routledge. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=109184958 Clements, P. T. , Deranieri, J. T. , Vigil, G. J. , Benasutti, K. M. (2004). Life after Death: Grief Therapy after the Sudden Traumatic Death of a Family Member. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 40(4), 149+. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5008586582 Hardcastle, D. A. , Powers, P. R. , Wenocur, S. (2004). Community Practice: Theories and Skills for Social Workers. New York: Oxford University Press. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=104722138 Roysircar, G. (2004). Child Survivor of War: A Case Study. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 32(3), 168+. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5012181947 Sims, M. , Hayden, J. , Palmer, G. , Hutchins, T. (2000). Working in Early Childhood Settings with Children Who Have Experienced Refugee or War-Related Trauma. Australian Journal of Early Childhood, 25(4), 41. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5001127890 Smith, S. , Reynolds, C. (2002). Innocent Lost: The Impact of 9-11 on the Development of Children. Annals of the American Psychotherapy Association, 5(5), 12+. Retrieved November 21, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5002560442 Tsui, M. , Cheung, F. C. (2003). Dealing with Terrorism: What Social Workers Should and Can Do. Social Work, 48(4), 556+. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5002045024 Worden, J. W. (2003). Grief Counselling and Grief Therapy: A Handbook for the Mental Health Practitioner. Hove, England: Brunner-Routledge. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=108479290